Dr. Watson to reveal Essay

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle shows Sherlock Holmes as a highly intelligent individual. We are shown Holmes’ intelligence from his good friend Dr. Watson. We learn that Holmes is very methodical in his deductive ways; this is shown in â€Å"The Speckled Band†, as Watson describes the movements of Sherlock Holmes, and how he â€Å"sits in his usual way†. This tells us the type of character that Holmes is; Holmes uses the power of deduction in a clinical way. This is shown as Sherlock Holmes tells Helen Stoner how she arrived to his house. Holmes explains how the mud on the left side of her jacket could only be from the dogcart she used, â€Å"there is no vehicle save a dogcart which throws up mud in that way, and then only when you sit on the left-hand side of the driver†. In â€Å"The Speckled Band† we also see the type of character Holmes is, we learn that Holmes’ intelligence is greater than any of the common man, but we also see Holmes’ strength as Dr. Roylott, the step-father of Helen Stoner, bends an iron poker out of shape. As Dr. Roylott leaves, Holmes bends the poker back into shape. In this passage we also see how Holmes tells Watson how he is compared to the official police force, â€Å"Fancy having the insolence to confound me with the official detective force! † This shows us how highly Holmes thinks of himself. Later in the novel we see the medical genius of Holmes, as he shows Watson how two little bite marks are left on the corpse, and how the victim must have been poisoned. This tells us that Holmes is very observant and self-explanatory in his investigations, with the aid of his friend Dr. Watson. Holmes observations and knowledge are also shown in â€Å"The Five Orange Pips†, this is shown as Holmes explains how his late guest joins them, â€Å"You have come up from the south-west, I see. † â€Å"Yes from Horsham. † â€Å"That clay and chalk mixture which I see upon your toe-caps is quite distinctive. † this tells us how Holmes knowledge and observation of the places he has visited. Also in this passage we see that Holmes is known around the country as he has helped many other people, † I have heard of you, Mr. Holmes. I heard from Major Prendergast how you saved him in the Tankerville Club Scandal† We also learn that Holmes has been defeated in his quest for justice. â€Å"I have been beaten four times- three times by men and once by a woman. † This shows the character of Holmes, accepting that these people have beaten him. In â€Å"The Five Orange Pips† we see how excited by this case and how it is â€Å"One of the most remarkable to which I have listened. † This also tells us that Holmes intelligence has still not heard of such deaths and murders. This shows his character, as he still wants to solve cases, in which he doesn’t know what is going to happen. We also see that Holmes gives advice to the man who has asked for help; Holmes tells him that he should act upon the situation. However when the man told the police, they laughed. Then Holmes cries â€Å"Incredible imbecility! † this shows how Holmes believes that the police are ignorant, like in â€Å"The Speckled Band†. We also learn about the type of skills and intelligence that Holmes picked up, this is shown to us by Dr. Watson, â€Å"Botany variable, geology profound as regards the mud stains from any region within 50 miles of town, chemistry eccentric, autonomy unsystematic, sensational literature and crime records unique, violin player, boxer, swordsman, lawyer, and self-poisoner by cocaine and tobacco. Those, I think, were the main points of my analysis. † This tells us the amount of studying and how intelligent Holmes is.

Comparison of ‘Harry Potter and the philosopher’s stone’ and ‘Aice in Wonderland’ Essay

The piece of extract that I have chosen to analyse from ‘Harry Potter and the Philosophers stone’ is from chapter thirteen, ‘Ron’s nerves were at breaking point†¦he was petrified’. The reason why I have chosen to explore this piece of text is because there are numerous occasions in this extract where some of the characters face a challenge. From ‘Alice in Wonderland’, the text that I have chosen to analyse is from chapter one, ‘there was nothing very remarkable†¦it would not open’. I have chosen to explore this extract because it is in this piece of text where Alice enters Wonderland although she has no clue of where she is. ‘Harry Potter and the Philosophers stone’ is about an orphan called Harry Potter who is reluctantly been taken in by his relative, the Dursleys, a mean-spirited unimaginative family. Immediately our sympathies lie with Harry as we see how he is mistreated by the Dursleys. It is not until his eleventh birthday when he learns the truth about himself and his life is changed forever. Harry learns that he is a wizard and that his parents had not died in a car crash like how he was told but they were killed by a very powerful dark wizard whose name is not mainly said and called ‘You know who’ because of how much the other wizards fear him. From this point on, Harry leaves the Dursleys and moves into a completely opposite world where he is a very famous figure and attends Hogwarts, a school that teaches witchcraft and wizardry. Throughout the book, Harry faces opposition from almost wherever he goes. ‘Alice in Wonderland’ is about a young girl who finds herself in an unfamiliar and an extraordinary, mystical world known as ‘Wonderland’. Alice enters Wonderland after she slips down a rabbit hole in pursuit of a rabbit she hears talking. She follows the rabbit down a very deep rabbit hole and falls into a room. She doesn’t know where she is but that does not make her panic. She then comes across a bottle containing a magical potion which causes Alice to shrink in size and here she faces a challenge in getting hold of the golden key which she had left on top of the wooden table. The main characters from both novels are portrayed very differently to each other. In the extract from ‘Harry Potter and the Philosophers stone’, Harry faces a challenge in finding the snitch before the Hufflepuff seeker finds it. This is made difficult for Harry, firstly because he feels pressure from Wood and the other Gryffindor team players as this is a very crucial game for them and secondly because Snape is refereeing the match and he will be biased against Gryffindor. Just as Harry feels pressure, in Carroll’s novel Alice is portrayed as very ignorant towards the natural world. This is the reason why Alice does not see it as being strange when she hears a rabbit say to itself ‘Oh dear, Oh dear! I shall be late!’ it is not until the rabbit takes a watch out of its waistcoat, she realizes that it is very unusual for a rabbit to make this action and this is why she follows him down the rabbit hole. The Victorian era plays a large role in Carroll’s novel. The queen was the dominant figure at the time. It was also an era of punctuality which regards to the rabbit being late. The Victorian era was an age of growth and self-discovery, this relates to Alice discovering a completely new world whereas in Rowling’s novel, Harry does not only ‘discover’ a completely different world but faces a major challenge in discovering his own self, which he finds very difficult to believe at the start because he has spent the last few years of his life in a cupboard under a staircase. In Carroll’s novel, the queen is dominant over Wonderland unlike Rowling’s novel, where there is no queen or king of the magical world, but there is a ‘Ministry of Magic’ which tries to keep the Magical World away from the non-magical world. Hagrid describes the Ministry of Magic as ‘messin things up as usual’ and we get a very similar impression of t he queen in Carroll’s novel . Like many other novels from the Victorian times, Carroll’s novel also has a reference to the class. We get this impression when Alice struggles to get hold of the golden key which she had forgotten on top of the wooden table. In Rowling’s novel, there is no reference to the class instead it is all about whether someone is ‘pure-blood’, ‘half-blood’ or a ‘mudblood’. Hermione is taunted by Malfoy and the other Slytherins for being a ‘mud-blood’ or having non-magical parents. The reason why the Slytherins tease mud-bloods is because they are all pure-bloods themselves. Ron on the other hand is a pure blood but is teased for the lack of money his family has. In this extract Ron faces a challenge in dealing with Malfoy when he is insulted by him. Ron chooses the option of beating him up and as Crabbe and Goyle try to help Malfoy, Longbottom also gets involved to help Ron. Rowling has done this to show that Longbottom has the courage to face his enemies even though he is bullied by Malfoy and his gang because they think he is very stupid and doesn’t have the courage to stand up for himself. It is not that Longbottom gets involved shows us he has courage but he takes on two other people who are much bigger than him in size. Ron’s action shows us that he has a very short temper and if he loses it then he can be very brutal. From the extract I have chosen from Carroll’s novel, Alice faces a challenge in finding out where she is and how to get out. At the end of the fall, Alice hears the rabbit and does not give up in chasing it which leads her into a long, low hall. She finds a key and faces a challenge in finding the door the key goes to. After she finds that the key goes to none of the doors, she still does not panic instead she goes around again and finds the real door but notices that the door is too small. It is a major challenge for her to recognize the real world. When she is falling down the rabbit hole, she thinks that the people on the other side of the Earth would walk on their heads whereas she does not understand that everyone is pulled to the centre of the earth and the fact that it is impossible for anyone to walk on their head. She also thinks that she will virtually fall right through the Earth but this is also impossible. Her ignorance is the factor that makes her so unafraid of anything and this is the explanation to the fact that she heard the rabbit talk and didn’t find it so ‘remarkable’. Carroll Characterizes Alice as being a show off with her vocabulary and he does this by putting a load of non-sense in her speech. Harry on the other hand is described as very quite and completely the opposite of ‘showing off’, this is why despite knowing how famous he is, he does not use it to show off.

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Risk Management - Essay Example But attention must also be paid to the risks. EHR are used by may different types of healthcare delivery systems, from hospitals to private practice. By definition, "To be defined as an Electronic Health Record, an electronic approach to collecting storing and manipulating data must be able to accomplish: collection of patient health information and data, results management, order entry management, and decision support" (Health, 2007). Although this system often makes dealing with patient records more orderly and efficient, some have raised concerns over how the process of keeping these electronic records relates to issues of patient confidentiality and privacy. Because there is so much more access to the information electronically, there is also more possibility that the information will wind up in the wrong hands. In many ways, this is an ethical issue that comes down to the individual using the EHR system. This comes from the perspective that a universal ethics is possible and also that it must be based on choice. This pattern of choice must start with the individual; there cannot be a group ethic that is in agreement without individual ethics. The individual healthcare professional is a person who must make choices regarding how to behave. This behavior can be broken down into two categories: the choice as it effects the society around the person making the decision, and the decision as it affects the person making the choice. An individual could make an ethical choice to respect patient confidentiality and keep this in mind when using EHR with passwords and encryption. They could choose whether or not to tell the truth. They can make an ethical distinction between giving and taking. The list goes on and on. Ethics is ultimately seen to be a personal decision that may or may not be effected by an external group or group philosophy. In this ethical mix, "As information technology expands throughout healthcare, opportunities for breach of confidentiality become abundant, from information left on the fax machine and patient data left visible on a computer screen" (Jenkins, 2002). Therefore, it is up to the individual professional to be as vigilant as possible, and work within a technological system in a way that shows responsibility and ethics. This issue is relevant because as mentioned, today's healthcare environment is one that is quickly changing as new technology is constantly being adopted, and this technology brings risks as well as rewards. Patient privacy and confidentiality also remain relevant concerns from an ethical as well as a legal perspective in the healthcare environment. In today's healthcare setting, "Computer systems designed for clinical use apply technology that is protective of data. In addition, an electronic patient record is backed up according to hospital policy' and as the chart is modified by caregivers, those changes are automatically saved and an audit trail created" (Conner, 1999). But at the same time, this efficient means of keeping data could lead to possible compromises in patient confidentiality, because even encryption and passwords are not fool proof security systems. Confidentiality is an important aspect of any client-professional relationship. It is intricately involved with issues of trust between the

Resource Creation and Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Resource Creation and Evaluation - Essay Example Increased use of internet provides an opportunity for interactive learning environment. In this vein, innovations such as Blackboard, Angel and WebCT have been found to support interactive learning environment (Samaras et al., 2006). Such innovations are used when chatting between students and their instructors, to receive assignments, view grades and remain connected to the learning institution. In addition, they have allowed teachers an opportunity to teach in an interactive learning environment. The development of such new technologies and increased research has transformed the way people think. Further, emergence of interactive teaching platforms has led educators to transform the ways in which they teach their students. This study will focuses on the use of online Blackboard to teach Physics to second year high school students. Needs Assessment With recent technological advances, the educational systems continue to adjust in order to meet the present societal needs. The fact tha t knowledge users are required to incorporate technology to befit present societal demands has brought additional responsibilities to producers of such knowledge. A decade ago, a glance at the Australian curricula revealed an inward looking system of education that was limited to classroom environment where a teacher and a group of students held discussions (Wieman & Perkins, 2005).. However, this mode of learning has proved ineffective particularly for science subjects that involve concepts. This notion has affirmed the traditional system of education inadequate and the existing educational materials hardly enough to meet the present education demands. To fill the existing gap, curriculum developers have come up with various online platforms that allow students to use the search engine to access diverse learning materials interact with instructors’ online, book and sit their examinations, make enquiries through chatting with fellow students and instructors among many others. Interactive learning via online Blackboard Evidently, use of online blackboard has greatly enhanced teaching Physics in high school. This is because it creates an opportunity of having visual illustrations that are critical for mastering the subject. Such online illustrations not only enables students to understand, but also allows them visual identification of diagrams hence ability to preserve them than they could have done in verbal descriptions. Further, such demonstrations highlight physics concepts leaving students to give physical explanations. Interestingly, this mode of learning commands attentiveness from the audience. In teaching Physics, the online Blackboard can be used in numerous ways. For instance, it has been used in Physics laboratory curricula since it provides real-time access to data required for the experiment. Unlike the traditional methods, a student can watch a real event as it is performed experimentally. Further, the Blackboard has also proved helpful dur ing interactive lectures. The online Blackboard enables teachers to plan and teach Physics as well as instructing students using integrated technology. On

Different approaches to strategy development might be appropriate in Essay - 1

Different approaches to strategy development might be appropriate in different organisations - Essay Example This paper will discuss how different approaches to strategy development might be appropriate in different organizations. Wherever business executives sit to deliberate on their corporate strategy, they always begin by critically examining the industry or the existing environmental conditions from which they operate in. they then follow this by examining both the strong and weak points of their competitors. With the industry and competitive aspects in scope, they then set out to establish a unique strategic position that can give them an opportunity to outperform their competitors. In order to attain such a competitive advantage, an organization has to come up with development strategies that differentiate it from other organizations that are dealing in the same products and it does this mostly by lowering their prices. This also calls for the organization to place its value chain strategically and to come up with manufacturing, marketing, and human resources development strategies in the process. This then gives the organization room to set up its budgetary allocations for its operations (Sterman, 200 0). Using the above analogy, one thing that comes out clearly is that the options that any organization has are defined by the environment under which it operates and this means that strategy is impacted by structure. It is therefore logical to conclude that an organization that sells its goods online would have a varied development strategy from another organization that has physical shops for its goods and services. This â€Å"structuralist† approach has been the subject of discussion for over three decades now and more organizations are adopting it in the new model of industrial organizational economics. According to this new paradigm, the performance of an organization is greatly dependent on how it conducts itself and this conduct is in turn greatly impacted by the existing

The Legal Environment of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Legal Environment of Business - Essay Example The city had great moral values and therefore (2) this was the question asked by the general public to the Democratic Mayor of the city, Deedee Corradini, as to how the city of moral values ended up with such criticism. All the dreams of the people of the city had been washed off. This was due to the biggest bribery scandal that had taken place in the history and this crime had been committed by the officials of the city. It was thought that the 2002 Winter Olympics which was awarded to Salt Lake four years from then would bring into the town business of $ 2.8 billion. This was enough reason to influence the process of the selection of site it could not be resisted by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC). When the scandal broke in January, it was found that out of the 114 IOC members, SLOC had bribed 13 of them with $393,000 mostly in the form of stipends and scholarships to family members. Then by the end of the month the figure had taken a toll to $800,000 of real cash bribes. Then again by early February, the toll had again risen to $1.3 million and for 24 members which was almost 1/5 of the IOC. The IOC had then said (3) that it would change the method of selection of the host cities and there was resignation given by four of its members. Two of the top SLOC officials were - Vice President David Johnson and CEO and President Frank Joklik -were forced to resign and the committee underwent a comprehensive restructuring. There were also the allegations of criminal nature and for this reason, criminal investigations were ordered including investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Internal Revenue Studies. The companies like- Coca Cola, McDonald's, IBM, Visa, Eastman Kodak and United Parcel Service, being long time corporate sponsors of the Olympic Games threatened to take back their support.It had also been found that there were several middlemen (4) who had gained much profit as brokers by selling the votes of IOC members from Africa a nd Middle East who had the least chance of winning the sites in their own areas. In the present circumstance, the situation of Bigtown seems very similar to that of the Salt Lake case. In the Bigtown case, the mayor has been voted on his assuring the people that he will change everything in the City and make it a place to be seen and to see. But all these words have somewhat disappeared with the time. He is very much disturbed by the way things are going and wants to offer contracts for city work in exchange for convention business. This may not be called bribery but can be classified as lobbying. Moreover this is against law and is unethical. Being a mayor of the city, he should try to solve all the problems through his departments rather than giving off the city's works to the general public through contracts. The specific issues that link the Bigtow

Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coursework - Essay Example A few examples of failure caused by creep in the transportation industry are outlined below. Car engines encounter very high temperatures because of the burning of the fuel inside the combustion chamber. The exhaust gases coming out of the exhaust manifold are at a temperature of 500-1000oF, varying from engine to engine whereas the materials commonly used for the exhaust manifold are nickel based alloys, chrome steel or stainless steel in most cases. Significant creep occurs at temperatures of 828 K, 760.9 K and 844.3 K whereas the melting point of these materials is 1656 K, 1523 K and 1688 K respectively (Daniels, 2010). Deformation in the exhaust manifold of the engine not only results in a decrease in the volumetric efficiency of the engine but causes the engine to cease because of overheating and in extreme cases, might contribute to the failure because of deformation of other engine components like piston cylinder heads resulting in extreme wear and complete destruction of the engine altogether. However, such a situation is effectively avoided these days by carrying out creep tests and considering this phenomenon during the design of the engine. Another example of failure due to creep is in jet engines. Turbine blades in jet air craft rotate at a very high speed subjecting them to a large centripetal force, which causes acute stresses to be produced.

Traditional Husband and Wife Role Compared to Today Essay

Traditional Husband and Wife Role Compared to Today - Essay Example As the report declares the Simpsons was the greatest animated series of the 1990s. Homer describes his family as the upper lower middle class. They live in a four-bedroom house and he is constantly in and out of employment, which directly affects the life at home. His wife Marge is a stay-at-home mom. The family is out of date and this reflects through various things like the color of the car was popular in the 1960s, the cars that they owned were of 1970 model and they purchase a computer much beyond the world had become familiar with internet. Homer is thoughtless and irresponsible but he always stands by his family whenever they require him; Marge tries her best to compensate for her husband’s shortcomings. This paper stresses that the Cosby Show focused on the Huxtable family, an upper middle class family. They were an utterly typical traditional American sitcom family where the father is a gynecologist and the mother an attorney. The usual difficulties that any household faces with growing children have been very efficiently projected. Healthcliff is portrayed as a strong father figure, as was the tradition in those days. Theirs is a happy nuclear family and despite both parents being professionals, the home and the children are not neglected. In Leave it to Beaver, June, just like Marge in The Simpsons, is always cleaning or cooking or taking care of the family. Ward is wise and understanding and lives peacefully with June through their married life. Hey had mutual respect for each, an essential element for the success of any marriage.

Assistive Technology for Students with learning disability Essay

Assistive Technology for Students with learning disability - Essay Example This research paper will analyze the use of assistive technology in schools and how it has helped students with learning disabilities. Both USA and UAE have embraced the use of technology in the education systems. Since technology has become an integral part of our lives, we need to incorporate it in our everyday lives. Technology has helped to revolutionize the education system around the world through increasing the learning opportunities for learners. Assistive technology was introduced in USA as an Act to help individuals with learning disabilities. Over the years, the use of technology to help the student with learning disabilities has greatly increased. Many schools are incorporating assistive technology into their classroom activities. In the UAE, use of assistive technology has not been fully embraced compared to USA. This is because the government is concentrating more on students without learning disabilities than students with learning disabilities. USA is more conversant with the use of assistive technology than UAE. USA has embraced the use of computer systems that help students with spelling problems and slow in writing (Manikam, 2014). Assistive technology for learning disability refers to any tools, equipment’s or devices that help students with learning disabilities compensate or bypass a student’s disability. Over the past few years, studies show the efficacy for students with learning disabilities. The assistive technology helps to increase the child’s sense of independence and self-reliance. The assistive technology does not eliminate the disability but helps the students cope with them. It helps the students with learning disability to capitalize on their strengths and be in a position to deal with their disabilities. Assistive technology helps to address many learning disabilities. These learning disabilities include listening, writing, reading, mathematics, and

English coursework essay and commentary Essay Example for Free

English coursework essay and commentary Essay Many teenage girls might shock you with their answers. Describing themselves as ‘ugly’ and ‘fat’. Over the years body-image issues are plaguing girls across the country. As a result of this majority have taken up unhealthy weight-controlling behaviour. This is done by skipping meals, taking laxatives and excessive smoking. Did you know that 9 in 10 females are conscious and currently unhappy about their body image? More than half of these are young girls. There are over 1. 3 million eating disorders in the UK alone. Happy, healthy and heroic is the feeling once you overcome anorexia. It’s about time we waved goodbye to the itty bitty twiggy runway models and say hello to the healthy curves of the new faces in Britain’s model industry. Majority of the runway models meet the body mass index criteria for anorexia. However over the past few years the trend of stick-thin models has started to become unappetising. â€Å"When I was younger I had a poor self-image, very low self-esteem, and yearned for a better body. I destroyed EVERY single mirror in the house as I couldn’t bear the sight of my body. I used to sit and count my ribs. I didn’t choose to be that way, it just happened. A few years later by the age of 19, I was 16 stone. From suffering Anorexia to becoming one of the biggest teens in Britain, it was a shock. Then I decided to set myself a target, lose weight and appreciate what I have. I’m glad I’ve moved on and I wouldn’t want anyone else to go through what I did. Now at the age of 22, I weigh 11 stone now, which is the perfect weight for me. I am overwhelmed with my body and have learnt to appreciate what I have been blessed with. I hope to soon conquer the rest of Britain and help more teenage girls on the road to freedom. I don’t like to think of myself as being ‘small’ size, I’m average and I couldn’t be happier. †Katya Zharkova, plus size model. However Kate Moss has been criticised by campaigners after revealing she lives by a slogan which encourages people with anorexia not to eat. Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels. † – Kate Moss. Eating disorder charity Beat described the comments as dangerous and very unhelpful for sufferers. Kate shouldn’t have said so, however a spokeswoman for Mosss model agency claimed: This was part of a longer answer Kate gave during a wider ranging interview which has unfortunately been taken out of context and completely misrepresented. † Women come in all shapes and sizes, and all of us have got the right to present ourselves beautifully in gorgeous clothes. Whether you’re overweight or tall, skinny or small, we are all beautiful. Everyone is different, everyone is beautiful and everyone is normal. Remember that. Commentary I chose to produce an interpretation of women of different shapes and sizes. I have done this in a magazine/article form. The audience of this piece was aimed at young girls, teenagers and women. It is more common for them to have a stronger opinion on the matter. Throughout the article I have written in both active and passive voice, it varies the focus of each sentence and questions the reader. I have written in second and third person by using ‘you’ and ‘she’ which are both singular. This technique it allows the reader to understand different perspectives and direct the reader. The pronoun ‘you’ links in with trying to involve the reader, by using the rhetorical question ‘What do you see’ it almost gets the reader interested in reading the article right from the beginning, it asks for their opinion. The rule of three is used a number of times in this piece, ‘itty, bitty, twiggy’ is mainly used for emphasis on the fact that stick-thin models are a shadow of the past. There nouns used in this piece are both concrete and abstract. Concrete nouns can be experienced through the five senses, but abstract nouns cannot be accessed by the senses and tend to be intangible ideas that form a part of our life (love, hatred). By using attributive adjectives such as ‘gorgeous’ it gives the reader some additional information about the clothes before reading on. Superlative adjectives are used to compare nouns, ‘biggest’ tells the readers that Katya wasn’t big or bigger but she was the biggest. I decided to use contrasting celebrities point of view to indulge the reader in celebrities opinions. The verb ‘used’ indicates the tense of what Katya used to do; in this case she used to â€Å"sit and count my ribs†. This quote puts the reader in Katya’s point of view. The reader would imagine what it would be like to sit and count their ribs, but you can only sit and count your ribs if you are anorexic. The average healthy person has enough fat on their body to form a stomach. Katya was anorexic which meant she could feel her insides. I chose not to directly tell the reader that Katya was anorexic until the next few sentences, to make the reader wonder what was wrong. ‘More’ is an indefinite determiner used to put out to the reader a sense of discomfort most teenagers feel when it comes to body image and almost officialises the context. By using subordinate simple and compound clauses that are connected by conjunctions and followed on by a subject and verb. In this case ‘So’ makes the reader think about the fact that there are so many different eating disorder cases around the world. Overall, I think this piece is interesting because it is an article that questions the reader’s thoughts about what is right and wrong about being under and over weight. In my opinion it manages to interpret different views on the matter of being different shapes and sizes and at the end uses the quote â€Å"Everyone is different, everyone is beautiful and everyone is normal. Remember that. † This quote uses repetition which is an excellent feature for slogans, the use of repetition means the slogan will be catchy to the reader and will stay in the readers mind and that is what I wanted to achieve when I wrote the article.

Principle of Sovereign Immunity

Principle of Sovereign Immunity It is undisputed that international law is based on reciprocity, and nowhere is this more apparently than in the area of diplomatic relations and immunities. Thus the principle of equality of sovereign states is enshrined in Art 1(2) of the Charter of the United Nations, and the notion of state immunities including those afforded to its sovereigns operates on this principle, specifically â€Å"par in parem non hebet imperium† where since both states are equal, one cannot be subject to the jurisdiction and the courts of another. Furthermore, it is now widely accepted the heads of states and foreign ministers in representing states are also afforded this immunity to allow them to carry out their functions properly. However, modern times which has seen a rise in a respect of human rights has found a new clash with the principle of sovereign immunity. As such, international jurisprudence is now developing and arguably struggling to try and achieve a balance between these two objec tives, a matter which will be analysed in this essay. Ratione personae and Ratione Materiae The two different types of immunities delegated to state representatives will be noted at the outset, namely ratione personae and ratione materiae. The former allows immunities to a particular person from the jurisdiction of a states courts by virtue of the office he holds, for any of his actions whether conducted in an official or private capacity. Since this type of immunity is only required for a practical basis to allow functioning, once the individual leaves office this type of immunity lapses. The second type of immunity is that of ratione materiae, where it is the nature of the act which immunity is afforded to. Here, if an act was carried out in an official capacity it can not be the subject of a court action, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of state as noted above and non-intervention of one state into another states affairs. Since the nature of the act is the determining factor here, the immunity remains even if the official in question has left his post. The distinction is pointed out at the outset since the Courts have dealt with the two different types of immunities differently. Ratione materia will be dealt with in the first instance. The Pinochet Case Ratione Materia The issue of the potential conflict of immunities and human rights violations came to the forefront when the former President of Chile, Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, visited the United Kingdom in 1998 for medical reasons. While there, the Spanish government requested the UK government to extradite Pinochet to face charges of inter alia torture and conspiracy to torture in the Spanish Courts under legislation enacting the Convention Against Torture [CAT] (1984). The issue went to the UK House of Lords where it was held that Pinochet could not claim immunity for his acts as a former head of state against allegations of torture. The immunity claimed in this case was that of ratione materia, since Pinochet was clearly not a current head of state and thus ratione personae immunity was not available to him. Although the House of Lords approved the judgement by a large majority there was only one dissenting Lord a variety of reasoning was employed. Lord Browne-Wilkinson, Lord Hope and Lord Saville found that those who had signed the CAT had impliedly waivered state immunity for their sovereigns. It was noted that the definition of Torture provided for in Art 1 of CAT required for the acts complained of to have either been carried out by or with the involvement of a state official. As such, any allegation of torture would necessarily always be able to be met with a defence of state immunity which would render the CAT meaningless. Such an analysis is quite insightful, but may creates problems of distinction for claimants relying on the customary prohibition of torture rather than CAT. Criminal and Civil Liability Other judges adopted a more broad consideration of the issue, where it was held that due to the heinousness of the act of torture and the jus cogens nature of the prohibition of torture, immunity ratione materia could never be a valid defence. Their Lordships pointed out that the purpose of the immunity is to ensure that the national courts of one state do not adjudicate on the responsibly of another, but in this case they were dealing with an issue of individual criminal liability and to hold immunity existed in this case would go beyond the purposes intended for such immunities, namely stability of international relations. Thus, a distinction can be seen between criminal liability cases and civil liability which would necessarily entail criminal responsibility. This distinction can be appreciated in a later case. In Al-Adsani v UK, the applicant was a dual UK and Kuwaiti national who alleged that on a visit to Kuwait, he was subjected to torture in a Kuwaiti state prison as retaliation for his circulating sexual tapes showing the Emir of Kuwaits brother, the Sheikh. He brought a claim in the UK for physical injuries and mental suffering caused from the treatment he suffered against inter alia the state of Kuwait. The UK Courts however held that Kuwaits claim to the state immunity Act 1978 succeeded. The Court of Appeal referred the case to the European Court of Human Rights where the applicant alleged that in invoking state immunity and not allowing his case to be heard in the UK Courts, the UK violated Art 6, the right of a fair trial. This was a more contentious matter and the Court very narrowly held, with a nine to eight vote majority that the right of access was not violated by upholding the defence of state immunity. Here the European Court pointed out that the nature of jurisdictional immunities acted as a procedural bar, and if waived by the host state a substantive case could be heard. The Court pointed out that sovereign immunity was an essential concept of international law, with a legitimate aim of promoting comity and good international relations. As such, a distinction had to be made with civil suits and criminal cases. A criminal case, as in the case of Pinochet, went to the question of individual criminal liability for acts. A case for civil damages however, would necessarily have to find state responsibility and the Court concluded in its analysis of the case law that an international norm excluding liability for civil damages had not emerged. Such an approach of distinguishing criminal and civil liability was repeated by the UK Courts in Jones v Saudi Arabia, where it was held immunity could not be waived for a claim for civil damages as a result of torture. Some commentators have suggested that the civil-criminal liability is distinguished due to the nature of the crimes in the case. However, the analysis of the Court seems to suggest a different ground of distinction in this case Criminal responsibility is based on individuals, and thus does not involve any question of state liability or state sovereignty. The case of Re Pinochet did not entail any judgement at all in the actions of Chile as a state itself, and render it liable for any reparations for example. If however there was to be no state immunity allowed in Al-Adsani, it would be found that Kuwait entailed responsibility for the actions and liable for damages, thus entering into the realms of state sovereignty and non-intervention in other states affairs. The effect on international relations was therefore clearly a determining factor in this case. Where there was less of an effect on international status in criminal cases, more weight was given to human rights norms. Normative Hierarchy Theory Of course, the dissenting judges in Al-Adsani did not consider that the distinction between civil and criminal liability was important enough when pitted against a prohibition of torture. Many judges pointed out that since the Court accepted that torture was a jus cogens norm, they should also accept that it would always prevail over all other norms including those of state immunity. Thus the status of torture would invalidate immunity laws or its effect at least for that particular case. This has been described as a normative hierarchy theory since torture is a jus cogens norm, it goes above the norm of state immunity. Some of the judges in Re Pinochet also adopted this theory. The Pinochet case is considered by many around the world as revolutionary as it is principally the first case to consider that immunity did not exist for allegations of egregious human rights violations. This approach is attractive from the human rights perspective and does accord well with the prohibition of torture in international law in stating that there can be no justification whatsoever for the use of torture. However, there are relatively few jus cogens norms in international law, and even the status of torture as jus cogens is disputed. Adopting such a theory in absence of other justifications would mean that other human rights violations cannot be pitted against the laws of state immunity. No immunity for ratione personae A further distinction that has been made by Courts is that for existing officials of state, who still hold immunity ratione personae. This can be seen in the Arrest Warrants case held before the ICJ. Under a Belgian law of 1993 Belgian Courts had universal jurisdiction in respect of grave breaches of international humanitarian law and crimes against humanity, irrespective or not of whether the offender has acted in an official capacity. On this basis a Belgian investigating judge issued an arrest warrant in absentia for the then Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Congo. Congo responded by taking the matter to the ICJ, challenging that that the alleged arrest warrant violated the principle of sovereign equality among member states of the UN as enshrined in Art 2(1) of the UN Charter, as well as diplomatic immunity for ministers of foreign affairs for a sovereign state as laid out in Art 41(2) for the 1862 Vienna Convention on diplomatic relations. The majority of the ICJ, thirteen votes to three, held that the arrest warrant was indeed in violation of customary international law laying down rules of absolute inviolably and immunity from criminal proceedings of incumbent foreign ministers, therefore breaching principles of sovereign equality among states. However, no form of satisfaction was awarded other than the judgement which the Court held would make good the moral injury complained of by the Congo. This case thus shows that the doctrine adopted in Pinochet is highly unlikely to extend to existing officials, illustrating that the main rationale behind immunities is to allow international relations to develop. Holding a Foreign Minister liable to prosecution in another country while he is still Foreign Minister would greatly impair this ability as the Court noted in its majority judgement, Foreign Ministers are allowed this immunity to allow them to travel and communicate with other states and allowed effective representation of their State. The Court, like other decisions abovementioned, did emphatically state that immunity did not equate to impunity and the procedural bar of immunity once lifted could hold an individual responsible, such as before the courts of his own country, where the state has waived immunity, after the person in question has ceased to hold public office or perhaps in the future under the International Criminal Court. The Court can be said to show some lea ning towards appreciation of human rights when it did not approve of damages further than the damage being claimed, recognising perhaps that to award damages to someone accused of such egregious human rights violations would exceed the doctrine of immunities and would not serve a beneficial purpose. Judges Higgins, Koojimans and Burgenthal issued a separate opinion in the Arrest Warrants case, where they dissented with the Court requiring a cancellation of the Arrest Warrant issued by Belgium. They noted that the Court noted the provision of immunities to the Foreign Minister in this case was to allow his continue travelling and maintain communication and relations with other states in order to represent his state effectively. However, since he was no longer Foreign Minister at the time of the hearing at the international court there was no longer need for this expansive immunity and as such a cancellation of the arrest warrant would not be required. Such opinions are clearly based on the rationale behind immunity being that of functionality of international relations once this is no longer at risk a whole immunity is no longer required. Judge Van Den Wyngaert went even further and stated that the Court had taken immunities too far in creating a potential violation of international human rights.23 The dissenting judges in this case therefore clearly carried out balancing exercises between the two objectives of functionality of international relations and human rights with some reaching different conclusions to others. It is particularly notable that following this case, under diplomatic pressure from other states Belgium amended its laws on 23 April 2003 and once again on 5th August of that year, holding persons granted immunity under international law will be excluded from the reach of that legislation. Many commentators have regretted that diplomatic pressure and international politics has ‘destroyed the revolutionary character of Belgiums legislation in this case. In conclusion therefore an analysis of international case-law shows that allowing immunity to provide for and facilitate international relations has been seen as a particularly important objective Thus immunities have not been waived with regard to those still holding office. As Judge Van den Wyngaert pointed out in dissenting in the Arrest Warrants case, such an approach is likely to have stemmed from a consideration of avoiding chaos and abuse in international processes. Even where immunities have been waived with regard to those who have formerly held office, as in the Pinochet case for example, this has only been done with regard to individual criminal liability where Courts point out that they are not invoking the responsibility of states. Furthermore, the issue is only ever raised with regard to particularly egregious human rights norms such as those of torture and it seems hardly likely immunity would be waived for a norm perceived to be of lesser value such as an economic an d social right of development. Thus, while international law is clearly developing in the area of human rights, the fact that immunities is based on such an important precept of international law renders Courts very reluctant to waive immunity, and they have only done so on very limited occasions. Many commentators have criticised this Caplan for example points out that a theory of collective state benefit should be employed and granting immunities to human rights violates does not benefit the collective international community.28 McGregor points out that the new UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Properties does not include any reference to human rights and criticises the lack of a human rights protocol, as does Denza. It is the very nature of international law however that law can only be made when states reach a consensus, and until they reach a consensus to not raise claims of infringement of sovereignty by waiving immunity, it is anticipated that very slow progress will be made in this area.

Breast Implants, Breast Augmentation, and American Culture Essay

Breast Implants, Breast Augmentation, and American Culture Breast augmentation is rapidly becoming a common procedure among women in the United States. Shows detailing the surgery on TV station such as MTV and VH1 show mothers and their daughters getting implants together and teenage girls thrilled with their new 34-D chests. What most of these shows don't mention are the possible risks and painful recovery that come with the procedure. That breast implants are becoming more and more an accepted part of popular culture raises several questions. Are implants as safe and easy as they seem? Are women getting implants because they expect them to radically change their lives? More importantly, does our culture really believe that breast implants somehow improve a woman's quality of life? There are two kinds of breast implants. Silicone implants, currently under review for re-approval by the FDA, consist of a silicone pouch filled with a silicone gel. Saline implants, currently the only implants available unless a woman is part of a medical trial, are simply a silicone pouch that is filled with saline solution once it is implanted in the woman ((1)). The risks associated with both kinds of implant include implant rupture, capsular contraction (where the scar tissue around the implant tightens), calcium deposits in the tissue surrounding the implant, infection, hematoma, delayed wound healing, a possible atrophy of breast tissue and an increased difficulty for medical professionals when reading mammograms ((2)). Rupture and capsular contraction are fairly common with both kinds of implant, and require that the patient undergo surgery to correct the problem. In fact, about 20% of women who sought breast implants for augmentation,... ...srisks.php 6)FDA Advisor: Ignore Breast Implant Vote, Details the concerns that the FDA advisory board chair has about silicon implants. http://www.cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/11/05/breast.implants.ap/index.html 7)Suicide Risk May Be Lower Than Expected, from the American Society For Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. http://www.asaps.org/press/news-psyc-08.asp 8)Silicone Breast Implants Redux http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-10-03-breast-implants_x.htm 9)Silicone Breast Implants Could Make a Comeback After FDA Hearings, Talks about the rise in the number of breast augmentation surgeries. https://registration.mercurynews.com/reg/login.do?url=http://www.mercurynews.com%2Fmld%2Fkentucky%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F7002595.htm 10)Breast Enhancement For the Modern Woman, Article written by a plastic surgery http://www.breastimplants411.com/articles/modern_woman.htm

Is The Statue of Liberty a Lie? Essay -- Essays Papers

Is The Statue of Liberty a Lie? The issue of immigration has shaped the history of the United States throughout the years of its existence. People from numerous different countries have immigrated to America in search of a better life and new opportunities. While Americans often ponder whether immigration is a benefit to society, legislators have recently enacted many anti-immigration laws which have been enforced to keep control over illegal immigration. Many different positions exist concerning illegal immigration in the United States. Advocates for Proposition 187 would suggest that illegal immigration is greatly increasing the population of the country, crowding schools, and denying many basic rights to citizens. Opponents indicate that immigration laws are discriminatory and that there are simple solutions to the overall issue. Every different stance that is taken on the issue is bound to have consequences; therefore impossible to reach a consensus. Illegal immigrants have been a concern in the United States for many years. As the population grows larger, less space is available, particularly in California. Citizens from countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador flee to America with hopes of finding a stable job and a new home, but they are not always welcome. As more illegal aliens cross the borders, less jobs and educational opportunities are available for citizens of the United States. Some may argue that the rights of Americans should be served before those who enter this country illegally. In 1994, in the state of California, Proposition 187 was passed to ensure the security of America’s citizens. Proposition 187 denies public social services, publicly-funded health care, and public educati... ...f immigration into the country. While immigration into America is encouraged and legal, the ever-present factor of illegal immigration is beginning to take its toll across the nation. Some states, such as California, believe strong measures must be taken in order to counteract the negative effects commonly associated with illegal immigration. However, such actions may not necessarily solve this ongoing problem in the United States, in fact, no permanent solution may exist. Perhaps a more reasonable solution may surface when legislators truly embrace the ideals set forth in the founding of our nation. Works Cited 1. Documentary = â€Å"Fear of Learning at Hoover Elementary† 2. Ono, Kent, and John M. Sloop. Shifting Borders. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002. 3. â€Å"Bring Back Proposition 187.† Human Events 19 Aug. 2003: Vol. 59 Issue 28 Is The Statue of Liberty a Lie? Essay -- Essays Papers Is The Statue of Liberty a Lie? The issue of immigration has shaped the history of the United States throughout the years of its existence. People from numerous different countries have immigrated to America in search of a better life and new opportunities. While Americans often ponder whether immigration is a benefit to society, legislators have recently enacted many anti-immigration laws which have been enforced to keep control over illegal immigration. Many different positions exist concerning illegal immigration in the United States. Advocates for Proposition 187 would suggest that illegal immigration is greatly increasing the population of the country, crowding schools, and denying many basic rights to citizens. Opponents indicate that immigration laws are discriminatory and that there are simple solutions to the overall issue. Every different stance that is taken on the issue is bound to have consequences; therefore impossible to reach a consensus. Illegal immigrants have been a concern in the United States for many years. As the population grows larger, less space is available, particularly in California. Citizens from countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador flee to America with hopes of finding a stable job and a new home, but they are not always welcome. As more illegal aliens cross the borders, less jobs and educational opportunities are available for citizens of the United States. Some may argue that the rights of Americans should be served before those who enter this country illegally. In 1994, in the state of California, Proposition 187 was passed to ensure the security of America’s citizens. Proposition 187 denies public social services, publicly-funded health care, and public educati... ...f immigration into the country. While immigration into America is encouraged and legal, the ever-present factor of illegal immigration is beginning to take its toll across the nation. Some states, such as California, believe strong measures must be taken in order to counteract the negative effects commonly associated with illegal immigration. However, such actions may not necessarily solve this ongoing problem in the United States, in fact, no permanent solution may exist. Perhaps a more reasonable solution may surface when legislators truly embrace the ideals set forth in the founding of our nation. Works Cited 1. Documentary = â€Å"Fear of Learning at Hoover Elementary† 2. Ono, Kent, and John M. Sloop. Shifting Borders. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002. 3. â€Å"Bring Back Proposition 187.† Human Events 19 Aug. 2003: Vol. 59 Issue 28

Dells Successful Use of the Internet as a Selling Channel Essay

Dell's Successful Use of the Internet as a Selling Channel Dell are currently the worlds number one PC supplier, a position in the market they took from Compaq in April 2001. In short, the company’s success story is mainly down to their innovative direct business model, which pays particular attention to the selling process where Dell completely bypasses all intermediaries and/or middlemen. This is because Michael Dell believed they add little if no value to the end product, instead just gaining a considerable mark-up for selling the product. Hence, they became the first PC manufacturer to completely cut out retailers and instead sold customised computers directly to customers based on their exact specifications. This selling process began over the telephone and via catalogues but in 1996 Dell embarked on Internet based selling on their official website, Dell.com, providing customers the opportunity to buy desktops, notebooks and servers directly from them. In order to power online commerce successfully for any business, the basic technology required is the installation of servers and data-storage systems. The website Dell.com runs on industry standard Dell PowerEdge servers. These powerful servers are backed up by Dell/EMC Fibre Channel storage. Dell is therefore equipped with backup strategies in case any problems with the servers or software occur and are experienced. This is crucial, as users may begin to view this distribution channel as unreliable if breakdowns are recurrent and could detract them from not only buying from Dell.com but from anything from the company. According to company internal metrics, Dell.com is one of the most responsive web sites on the Internet, with an average download time of 1 second for a page. That briefly explains the technology used to power the website however customers can access it simply via an Internet browser, the most popular being Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Explorer. Dell’s direct business model (can be seen on the page three) may be simple in theory however it is very complicated executing it in reality. Building PC’s to order means that they must have the parts and components on hand to build a wide range of possible specifications over a short period of time (to ensure minimum time between order and manufacture). To complete these orders quickly, Dell must have first-rate manufacturing and ... ...ffective they are. As mentioned, customer service has also improved from an already high standard even further. Dell has created many services online that enables the customer to see the whole purchasing process clearly once they have made an order. It gives the customer the ability to track the progress of their order as it is produced and delivered, providing them with constant feedback of delivery dates and product information. This 24-hour customer service and fast response time helps Dell build a strong relationship with customers. References ---------- The key references handed in earlier referred to the two links below: - http://www1.euro.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/home?c= uk&l=en&s=corp - http://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/ en/2003/2003_10_20_rr_002?c=us&l=en&s=corp Further websites were found with useful detail on Dell’s direct selling model: - http://www.internetretailer.com/article.asp?id=6717 - http://www.microsoft.com/resources/casestudies/casestudy.asp?CaseStudy ID=14674 - http://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/policy/en/policy? c=us&l=en&s=gen&~ck=lf&~section=006

The Effects of Music on Laboring Moms

Coping with labor pain when you are a first time mom is usually an experience filled with great anxiety. The first stage of labor is called the latent phase, in which she may be excited and anxious for labor to be well established [ (Marcia L. London, 2011) ]. The laboring mom may be unable to cope with contractions because of fear, anxiety, or lack of information [ (Marcia L. London, 2011) ].The nurse’s response should be to be supportive and provide encouragement and to establish a trusting relationship [ (Marcia L. London, 2011) ]. The challenge for the labor nurse is to reduce the pain and anxiety and to help make the labor and delivery a positive experience. The application of music therapy may be an appropriate tool for reducing anxiety and pain [ (Marcia L. London, 2011) ]. Music therapy has become popular in medicine in the last two decades.Studies show that the impulses from the auditory stimulus override the pain signals carried by the smaller nerve fibers, and music perceived by the right brain may stimulate the pituitary gland to release endorphins for decreasing pain [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ]. Music may also alter pain perception by improving mood, increasing relaxation, and reducing anxiety. Music also increases control and distraction to pain perception. The purpose of the study I read was to undertake an evaluation of music therapy on labor pain and anxiety in Taiwanese primiparas.It was hypothesized that primipara women receiving music therapy would perceive less pain and anxiety and have higher fingertip temperatures, an indication of less pain, during labor than those participants who had not received music therapy but received standard routine care [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ]. This controlled study provided evidence that music therapy for women during the latent phase of labor provided psychological and physiological benefits from pain [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ].The participants in the study were primipara women giving birth with the fol lowing criteria; they had a normal pregnancy, their pregnancy had gone to term, they planned to undergo a vaginal delivery, they had a single, normal fetus to deliver, they did not intend to use pharmacological analgesics during labor, and they consented to the participate in the study [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ]. In this study pain and anxiety were the main outcome measurements. Ultimately 60 participants were included in the analysis, 30 women were entered in the experimental group and 30 women were entered into the control group.Participants were instructed to choose types of relaxing, anxiety-reducing music. In addition to receiving standard nursing care, the experimental participants listened to music for at least 30 minutes during the latent phase and active phase of labor. Measures for pain and anxiety scales were given before and after 30 minutes of music listening during the latent and active phases of labor. Participants in the control group were not aware that they had the opportunity to listen to music, but they received the standard routine care after admission.Both groups completed the same pretest and posttest measures at the same phases of labor as the music group. Twenty-four hours after childbirth, women in the experimental group were asked to complete an open-ended questionnaire to indicate their perceptions of the effectiveness of music therapy on pain and anxiety and a five-point scale to evaluate the helpfulness of music. All the outcome measures for latent and active phases were analyzed separately because of the different level of pain.The results indicated that women in the music-listening group had lower pain and anxiety and higher fingertip temperatures than their peers in the control group during the latent phase, but the outcome measures were not significant during the active phase. Music seems to have multiple functions in pain reduction, including focusing, distracting, and stimulating pleasure responses. The study provides evidenc e that preselected music that is slow, relaxing and calming in nature, with little variation in tempo or volume is helpful for laboring women in the early latent phase [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ].In the active phase of labor the slow music was not effective. This is when contractions are more intense and more painful and it is possible that the auditory cue did not synchronize with the women’s rhythmic short, rapid breathing [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ]. It could be that music with a more rapid tempo would be more helpful. Pain and anxiety can influence heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, peripheral blood flow and fingertip temperature (FT). Elevation of FT is a significant indicator of physical relaxation through the sympathetic response [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ].This study shows that music can promote relaxation and decrease muscle tension which can increase peripheral blood flow as well as skin temperature as evidenced by the increased FT [ (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) ]. In conclusion, this controlled study provides evidence that music therapy for women during the latent phase of labor provides quantifiable psychological benefits. The findings of this study may provide an evidence-based music therapy protocol for women in labor.Clinical health care professionals such as nurses could consider providing music as part of their routine when working with women who face the first-time childbirth process. Nurses could apply music therapy in reducing the pain and anxiety for women who are at the early phase of labor. Music does not have harmful side-effects and is easy to administer, so if it is yet another way to ease the pain and anxiety of a laboring patient and could help make the childbirth experience a positive one, the nurse should consider offering the therapy to her patients.

Contrast of Zeena and Mattie in “Ethan Frome” Essay

Some decisions have an everlasting effect on one’s life. Ethan Frome, the protagonist in Edith Wharton’s Ethan Frome, is tormented by his passionate love for Mattie Silver, but is morally shackled to Zeena by the sacred bonds of marriage. After years of harsh life with his wife in the dreary town of Starkefield, Ethan comes to believe that his greatest chance at a happy life is with Mattie Silver, a cousin of Zeena, who has come to live with him. However, in the end Mattie’s other side, one which is extraordinarily similar to Zeena’s attitude, comes to light, after a thwarted suicide attempt. In Ethan Frome, Edith Wharton makes an ironic comment on the choices present in an impoverished world by presenting contrasting images to describe Zeena Frome and Mattie Silver, yet also presenting details which make them seem alike. Wharton suggests that Mattie’s cheerful attitude, her spirited activity, and her ability to inspire confidence in Ethan, prompts him to believe that Mattie could bring him bliss. One of the reasons why Ethan thinks that Mattie could turn his life around was because she usually overflowed with cheerfulness and energy. Ethan is often fascinated by â€Å"her gaiety [, which to him,] was a plain proof of indifference.† Her cheerful image contrasts sharply with that of Zeena who is selfish and melancholy, and brings some cheer into his otherwise dull life. Mattie again exhibits her ability to spread warmth while she learns her household duties. When Ethan sees her performing her household duties awkwardly, he bursts out laughing, and, to his surprise, Mattie also â€Å"burst[s] out laughing and this made them better friends.† This incident baffles Ethan who assumed that a woman would blush with embarrassment instead of laughing it away and charms him so that the idea comes to be implanted into him that Mattie would bring him a happy life. Mattie brings him further happiness by simply listening to him especially when he talks of subjects completely new to her. When he talked about stars on their way back from the dance, Ethan and Mattie stood â€Å"entranced† and gazed at the starry sky. Talking to Mattie of such subjects gives Ethan a considerable amount of pleasure because he could impart his knowledge to an eager, cheerful and somewhat ignorant listener. Mattie’s colorfulness and liveliness also helps Ethan to fall in love with her and strengthen his conviction that she could bring happiness into his life.  Mattie’s colorfulness and liveliness is seen in the church where Mattie is dancing. Ethan, who is seeing through the window, is entranced by her graceful figure as she danced, and when â€Å"scarf flew off her head and stood out behind her shoulders†¦[revealing her] laughing panting lips.† By just looking at her dance, Ethan seems to share the joy that Mattie feels as she dances. Her liveliness also differs with that of Zeena who is something of a cold, selfish introvert and seldom goes outside for the fear of her health. Another scene in which Mattie’s liveliness captivates Ethan is when they are alone in the living room while Zeena was in Bettsbridge. While Ethan was talking to Mattie, she changes her countenance frequently â€Å"like a wheat field under a summer breeze.† Ethan takes a secret pleasure in seeing how Mattie reacts to his remarks especially when they talk about Ruth Varnum and Ned Hale’s upcoming marriage and is overjoyed to see Mattie blush when he recounts what he saw Ruth and Ned do. Yet another scene in which Mattie’s activity strengthens his belief is when Mattie knits by the fireplace. As she knits, he watches in admiration as her fingers fly like â€Å"a pair of birds making short perpendicular flights† over their nest. This encourages his notion because she seems to be able to knit like his mother could in the happy days before the illness had taken her. He also shows his appreciation of her abilities by kissing the â€Å"stuff† she made. Mattie’s ability to inspire confidence in Ethan also leads him to believe that Mattie could guide him to a happier life. Mattie’s ability to inspire Ethan’s confidence is clearly shown when they are walking home from the dance. While walking home he talks to her about the â€Å"Orion,† â€Å"Aldebaran,† and the â€Å"Pleiades.† Mattie listens to Ethan eagerly, leading him to wonder how his dull talk could interest a carefree person who cared little about stars. Mattie also inspires confidence in Ethan when the cat breaks the pickle dish. Shocked and terrified she raises her eyes to him for a solution and â€Å"his courage was up.† He is able to free her mind of the broken dish and able to mend it enough so that it would look unbroken until he could obtain some glue to fix it. Mattie’s ability again inspires Ethan to gain self-confidence when Zeena orders Jotham Powell to take Mattie to the railway station. He gains self-confidence by looking at Mattie’s stricken face and responds by insisting to Zeena that he â€Å"would take Mattie over† to the railway station. This incident in which Ethan was able to muster enough self-confidence to  oppose Zeena shows how Mattie is able to directly or indirectly to encourage Ethan to have confidence in himself, thus corroborating his idea that he and Mattie could lead a happy life. Despite Mattie’s untiring gaiety, Wharton includes scenes in which she is closely related to Zeena to imply that Ethan’s choice is nothing but an illusion. One of such scenes in which Mattie closely resembles Zeena is when she prepares the table when Zeena is in Bettsbridge. While she prepares the table, she uses the pickle dish which Zeena â€Å"never meant [for it] to be used.† Mattie shamelessly using the pickle dish strongly resembles the character of Zeena because like her, Mattie uses the dish secretly and with deception, a quality of Zeena’s which Ethan abhors. Mattie again shows strong resemblance to Zeena when she and Ethan sit down in the living room to pass time. When she sits down to sew in Zeena’s chair, Ethan sees in Mattie’s face the face of â€Å"the superseded woman† who was then at Bettsbridge. This shows that Ethan’s choice is an illusion since Zeena haunts him even when she is not present and disproves the idea that Ethan would be happy with Mattie because even then Zeena’s face would haunt him. The character of Mattie after the coasting accident rudely reveals to Ethan that he had never had any choices all along. When he takes the narrator into his house, the narrator faces two women who look sickly; Zeena looks â€Å"old, and gray with†¦pale opaque eyes† while Mattie looks â€Å"bloodless† and â€Å"her eyes [have] a witch like stare.† The narrator also reveals that Mattie’s voice sounds querulous like Zeena’s voice. This shows how Mattie and Zeena are similar and the dependency of both the invalids on Ethan–contrary to the dreams of Ethan in which he and Mattie would have been free. Wharton depicts the sharp contrast between the morose Zeena and the gay Mattie to imply that Ethan’s choice is obvious. However, Wharton includes scenes that show the resemblance of Mattie to Zeena to warn the unsuspecting Ethan that Mattie has another personality, which is just as bad as that of Zeena. In the end, Ethan realizes that Mattie had just been a wolf in a sheep’s clothing and that from then on he had to carry burden to care for 2 invalids as well as himself.

Chemistry in Human Body

Editor's Note: This occasional series of articles looks at the vital things in our lives and the chemistry they are made of. You are what you eat. But do you recall munching some molybdenum or snacking on selenium? Some 60 chemical elements are found in the body, but what all of them are doing there is still unknown. Roughly 96 percent of the mass of the human body is made up of just four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, with a lot of that in the form of water. The remaining 4 percent is a sparse sampling of the periodic table of elements. Some of the more prominent representatives are called macro nutrients, whereas those appearing only at the level of parts per million or less are referred to as micronutrients. These nutrients perform various functions, including the building of bones and cell structures, regulating the body's pH, carrying charge, and driving chemical reactions. The FDA has set a reference daily intake for 12 minerals (calcium, iron, phosphorous, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and chloride). Sodium and potassium also have recommended levels, but they are treated separately. Read this Practice Test Chem 105 However, this does not exhaust the list of elements that you need. Sulfur is not usually mentioned as a dietary supplement because the body gets plenty of it in proteins. And there are several other elements — such as silicon, boron, nickel, vanadium and lead — that may play a biological role but are not classified as essential. â€Å"This may be due to the fact that a biochemical function has not been defined by experimental evidence,† said Victoria Drake from the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. Sometimes all that is known is that lab animals performed poorly when their diets lacked a particular non-essential element. However, identifying the exact benefit an element confers can be difficult as they rarely enter the body in a pure form. â€Å"We don't look at them as single elements but as elements wrapped up in a compound,† said Christine Gerbstadt, national spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association. A normal diet consists of thousands of compounds (some containing trace elements) whose effects are the study of ongoing research. For now, we can only say for certain what 20 or so elements are doing. Here is a quick rundown, with the percentage of body weight in parentheses. Oxygen (65%) and hydrogen (10%) are predominantly found in water, which makes up about 60 percent of the body by weight. It's practically impossible to imagine life without water. Carbon (18%) is synonymous with life. Its central role is due to the fact that it has four bonding sites that allow for the building of long, complex chains of molecules. Moreover, carbon bonds can be formed and broken with a modest amount of energy, allowing for the dynamic organic chemistry that goes on in our cells. Nitrogen (3%) is found in many organic molecules, including the amino acids that make up proteins, and the nucleic acids that make up DNA. Calcium (1. 5%) is the most common mineral in the human body — nearly all of it found in bones and teeth. Ironically, calcium's most important role is in bodily functions, such as muscle contraction and protein regulation. In fact, the body will actually pull calcium from bones (causing problems like osteoporosis) if there's not enough of the element in a person's diet. Phosphorus (1%) is found predominantly in bone but also in the molecule ATP, which provides energy in cells for driving chemical reactions. Potassium (0. 25%) is an important electrolyte (meaning it carries a charge in solution). It helps regulate the heartbeat and is vital for electrical signaling in nerves. Sulfur (0. 25%) is found in two amino acids that are important for giving proteins their shape. Sodium (0. 15%) is another electrolyte that is vital for electrical signaling in nerves. It also regulates the amount of water in the body. Chlorine (0. 15%) is usually found in the body as a negative ion, called chloride. This electrolyte is important for maintaining a normal balance of fluids. Magnesium (0. 05%) plays an important role in the structure of the skeleton and muscles. It also is necessary in more than 300 essential metabolic reactions. Iron (0. 006%) is a key element in the metabolism of almost all living organisms. It is also found in hemoglobin, which is the oxygen carrier in red blood cells. Half of women don't get enough iron in their diet. Fluorine (0. 0037%) is found in teeth and bones. Outside of preventing tooth decay, it does not appear to have any importance to bodily health. Zinc (0. 0032%) is an essential trace element for all forms of life. Several proteins contain structures called â€Å"zinc fingers† help to regulate genes. Zinc deficiency has been known to lead to dwarfism in developing countries. Copper (0. 0001%) is important as an electron donor in various biological reactions. Without enough copper, iron won't work properly in the body. Iodine (0. 000016%) is required for making of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolic rate and other cellular functions. Iodine deficiency, which can lead to goiter and brain damage, is an important health problem throughout much of the world. Selenium (0. 000019%) is essential for certain enzymes, including several anti-oxidants. Unlike animals, plants do not appear to require selenium for survival, but they do absorb it, so there are several cases of selenium poisoning from eating plants grown in selenium-rich soils. Chromium (0. 0000024%) helps regulate sugar levels by interacting with insulin, but the exact mechanism is still not completely understood. Manganese (0. 000017%) is essential for certain enzymes, in particular those that protectmitochondria — the place where usable energy is generated inside cells — from dangerous oxidants. Molybdenum (0. 000013%) is essential to virtually all life forms. In humans, it is important for transforming sulfur into a usable form. In nitrogen-fixing bacteria, it is important for transforming nitrogen into a usable form. Cobalt (0. 0000021%) is contained in vitamin B12, which is important in protein formation and DNA regulation. Importance of chemistry in our daily life Importance of chemistry in our daily life Everything is made of chemicals. Many of the changes we observe in the world around we see that caused by chemical reactions. Chemistry is very important because it helps us to know the composition, structure& changes of matter. All the matters are made up of chemistry. In our every day like various chemical are being used in various from, some of those are being used as food, some of those used clanging etc. 1 Element in the Human Body Body is made up of chemical compounds, which are combinations of elements. Probably know body is mostly water, which is hydrogen and oxygen, 2. Health Care and Beauty: The diagnostic tests carried out in laboratories, the prognostic estimations, medical prescriptions, pills, the vaccines, the antibiotics play very vital role in health monitoring, control of diseases and in alleviating the sufferings of the humanity. Right from birth control to enhancement of life expectancy- all have been made possible using the unequivocal services of Chemistry. From simple sterilization surgical instruments with antiseptic solution to Chemotherapy and Genome sequencing are all nothing but applications of Chemistry. Injecting cows, buffaloes, goat and sheep with bovinesome towrope Increases milk-production but it is indiscriminately being used by sportspersons to un-ethically enhance performance. Aging- a chemical change can only be checked chemically. Most beauty products are produced through chemical synthesis to clean, nurture and protect skins. However their certain ingredients are hazardous to our health in the long run. 3. Industries and Transport: From cloth mills, lather factories, petro-chemical industries and refineries to metal industries- all use numerous fuels for power generation and chemical products for processing their product and improve the equality and simultaneously produce pollution. Now-a-days chemical effluent treatment plants use chemicals to control or neutralist he hazardous impact of pollutants produced by the industries. Aviation and shipping industries generate power through power plants which burn fuels. Petrol and diesel emit out green house gases dangerous for the survival on earth which damage the ozone layer that protects us from UV rays. As a result global warming has taken place which is a destroyer of the planet earth. But again Chemistry paves the way with bio-fuels. 4. Food Security and Agriculture: The famous green revolution to increase agricultural produce so as to ensure food security was triggered by the advent of inorganic fertilizers. Since then fertilizers are extensively used by farmers to restore the fertility of soil in the fields. Pesticides are used to protect the crop during farming nd preserve the grains from pests, rats and mice during storage. Genetically modified seeds which are used to enhance production and earn profits through export of food grains are agricultural applications of Bio-chemistry. Whereas refrigeration system for cold storage of vegetables and raw meat uses Poly Urethanes Foam (PUF) and the chemical properties of gases, the preservatives i n packaged food products are known to have adverse impact on our body. 5. Science and Technology: The destructive effects of Atom Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Generations in Japan have suffered the devastation and there has-been no solace. The threat of weapons of mass-destruction (WMDs) like the Nuclear, Chemical and Biological weapons looms large on the Humanity. Terrorists are using RDX and other explosives to run currents of fear down the spines across the globe. Nuclear reactors which are going to serve the future generations through power generation leave us with the problem of Nuclear Waste Management. Whereas the destructive power is generated through chains of chemical reactions, we remain assured that Chemistry has facilitated the chain of counter measures too in the form of safety suites and NBC resistant bunkers. Forensic science- the comprehensive scientific analysis of material evidence in the context of the law uses principles of chemistry to facilitate crime investigation. Tele-communications, Information Technology and Space Missions- all bank on the chemistry of semi-conductor sand nano-tubes. 6 Cooking Chemistry explains how food changes as we cook it, how it rots, how to preserve food, how our body uses the food eats, and how ingredients interact to make food. 7 Cleaning Part of the importance of chemistry is it explains how cleaning works. e use chemistry to help decide what cleaner is best for dishes, laundry, yourself, and your home. we use chemistry when use bleaches and disinfectants and even ordinary soap and water. How do they work? That's chemistry! 8 Medicine it is very need to understand basic chemistry so that we can understand how vitamins, supplements, and drugs can help or harm us. Part of the importance’s of chemistry lies in developing and testing new medical tr eatments and medicines. 9Environmental Issues Chemistry is at the heart of environmental issues. What makes one chemical a nutrient and another chemical a pollutant? How we can clean up the environment? What processes can produce the things our need without harming the environment? We're all chemists. We use chemicals every day and perform chemical reactions without thinking much about them. Chemistry is important because everything you do is chemistry! Even our body is made of chemicals. Chemical reactions occur when we breathe, eat, or just sit there reading. All matter is made of chemicals, so the importance of chemistry is that it's the study of everything. Reference 1. http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistry101/f/importanceofchemistry.htm Chemistry is present in every aspect of life, and here we can see a few examples. There are articles about the chemistry of everyday life, and also a few about physics, as it's also present in our daily life 2 http://www.novapdf.com

Develop marketing strategies Essay

The assessment task is due on the date specified by your assessor. Any variations to this arrangement must be approved in writing by your assessor. Submit this document with any required evidence attached. See specifications below for details. Performance objective In this assessment task you are required to review and evaluate marketing opportunities for an organisation and develop marketing activities that reflect the strategic directions of the organisation. Assessment description For the organisation outlined in the case study provided, identify two marketing opportunities and evaluate each opportunity for risks, strengths, weaknesses and alignment with organisational objectives. After you have reviewed the opportunities, select the best fitting opportunity for the organisation and develop marketing strategies, approaches and activities to take advantage of the opportunity. Procedure You are required to submit a report that addresses all of the elements listed in the procedure. The report should be structured using the headings below. Organisational overview 1. Develop an organisational overview that: a. outlines the strategic direction and organisational objectives b. outlines the current size, capabilities and resources of the organisation, including any notable strengths and weaknesses c. identifies any gaps between the objectives, and the current capabilities and resources. Opportunities 1. Identify two marketing opportunities that meet the objectives and evaluate the risks and benefits of each opportunity. 2. Recommend the opportunity that best addresses organisational objectives and: a. develop a marketing mix strategy that fits within the capabilities and resources of the organisation b. describe how your strategies align with the strategic direction of the organisation, and give justifications for your selection c. detail a marketing performance review strategy using an appropriate tool (competitive analysis, life cycle model, value chain analysis, etc.) to review the performance of the organisation against marketing objectives d. include the metrics to be used in measuring marketing performance. Tactics 1. Detail the tactics necessary to implement the strategy you have outlined, including: a. scheduling of activities to enact the strategy b. costing c. accountabilities and responsibilities d. a plan for coordinating and monitoring scheduled activities including KPIs. 2. Outline any legal and ethical requirements that impact on the selected tactics. 3. Describe how the tactics fit within identified organisational resources and capabilities. Specifications This assessment can be completed in your own time, as you work through the related topics in either the Student Workbook, or under the guidance of your assessor. The assessment is due for completion at the completion of Section 2 of the Student Workbook unless another submission time/method is suggested by your assessor. Check with your assessor whether it is appropriate to use a computer for the submission of the report (electronic), or if the assessor requires a hardcopy (printed) version. You must provide: a report containing documents that support all of the instructions outlined in t he procedure above. Your assessor will be looking for whether you have: identified a suitable marketing opportunity conducted research to assess and analyse the market prepared a report outlining your marketing strategies to best take advantage of the identified market opportunities organised your report under the headings suggested in the procedure. Adjustment for distance-based learners: No variation of the task is required. A follow-up interview may be required (at the discretion of the assessor). Documentation can be submitted electronically or posted in the mail. Case study Houzit is a chain of homewares stores in Sydney that specialise in bathroom fittings, bedroom fittings, mirrors and decorative items. They currently have 15 stores spread across the greater Sydney area, with all stores being managed and coordinated from their head office in Milton. You have recently been appointed as the marketing manager and must now review the organisation and devise marketing strategies that will move Houzit towards its strategic goals. The CEO has also asked you to consider some marketing opportunities that may assist Houzit in reaching its goals, and provide him with brief summary evaluating two alternatives, including the benefits and risks associated with each option, and making a recommendation for the opportunity most likely to produce results. You have gleaned the following information about Houzit: Houzit is close to entering its fifth year of operation; offering a wide range of home-ware items on easy-to-manage payment terms and supplies a three year guarantee on every item sold. The typical target customers have the following characteristics: sophisticated people who are house proud shoppers who will drive to an easy-to-access store customers who require payment plans to spread their commitment over an extended period renovators and new home builders 20–50 year olds. Houzit recognises the following trends and focuses its efforts on them. Quality – Preference for high quality items is increasing as customers are learning to appreciate differences in quality. Unique items – Customers want homewares that stand out from mass-produced, low quality items. Selection – People are demanding a larger selection of choices, they are no longer accepting a limited selection of homewares. The typical Houzit store has the following characteristics: Location – A commercial, suburban neighbourhood, or urban retail district. Design – Bright and functional. Size – 1,000–1,500 m2. Employees – 15–20 full time, plus several casuals Types of transactions – 60% cash, 40% on long-term repayment plan. Sales break-ups between the existing Sydney stores reveal: 30% bathroom fittings 35% bedroom furnishings 20% mirrors and decorative items 15% lighting fixtures (recent addition). A new customer’s first purchase is generally of mirrors and decorative items and this gives us the opportunity to sign them up to our loyalty program. In a brief discussion with the CEO, you asked about the changes taking place in legislation that could impact on Houzit’s operation. The CEO explained: ‘There is a big push by governments on the issue of sustainability. This focuses mostly on environmental issues of waste management and energy conservation. Houzit stores have been deliberately designed in the past to be bright and comfortable places to shop. This means a significant cost in electricity usage to run the lights and the air-conditioners. With the new regulations we are going to have to find ways to still provide customers with what they want without the high electricity usage.’ Strategic plan (extract) Vision Houzit will be a national retail brand, catering to the needs of home makers with a range of unique, high quality homewares made accessible to all through our easy to manage payment plan. Mission By 2020, Houzit will have a significant retail presence in homewares in every Australian capital city, starting with 15 stores in the greater Sydney area and growing to 100 Australia wide. Objectives 1. Increase sales from $15million per year to $20million per year in the next three years. 2. Increase our loyalty customers list from 10,000 to 15,000. 3. Establish brand recognition in Sydney so that at least 1 in 3 people recognise our brand in a random survey taken in 18 months time. SWOT Analysis Strengths: Excellent staff who are highly skilled and knowledgeable about homewares. Great retail space that is bright, functional and efficient for a commercial urban district. High customer loyalty among repeat customers. Assortment of offerings that exceed competitors’ offerings in quality, range and accessibility. Weaknesses: A limited marketing budget to develop brand awareness due to the lack of critical mass and store cover. The struggle to continually fund the growing long-term repayment plans taken out by our customers. Opportunities: A growing market in a high growth area with a significant percentage of the target market still not aware of Houzit’s offer. Increasing sales opportunities outside of our target area – greater Sydney. Threats: Competition from local independent retailers can drive down prices, as owner operators have lover overhead costs than our staff-run stores. Competition from national chains moving into the Sydney market. A slump in the economy reducing customer’s disposable income spent on homewares.

A GIS process to select a suitable site for locating a hospital in Literature review

A GIS process to select a suitable site for locating a hospital in London where ambulances can reach people within 10 minutes - Literature review Example The site should be big enough to accommodate a hospital with about 7000 rooms where about 800 beds can be placed and more than fifty two thousand hospital equipment and furniture. The stated rooms can appear to be incredibly many but with rooms needed for emergencies, offices, rehabilitations, outpatient and inpatient services; they cannot be enough. A site accommodating such a hospital ought to be as big as forty football pitches to ensure that there is even available space for hospital employees and patients’ families parking. Additionally, the hospital prospected has to have a number of towers to save on cost and land. Currently, most hospitals have to deal with congestion and extreme struggling incase more facilities are needed. Having a lot of land like that stated above ensures that the hospital can build all facilities required. Expansion of hospitals after their construction is always an unavoidable act. For this reason, there is a need of buying land as big as the one stated above to cater for expansion in the later years1. London has four major parts that include the southwest London, southeast London, northeast London and north central London. According to statistics, there are about twenty hospitals in each stated part but most are not newly build. Among these hospitals, a number are faced with difficulties of managing cleanliness. In choosing a site for constructing a hospital, it is essential to ensure that the site is near to multiple sources of water and power. It is essential to realize most hospitals around the London town centre are faced with problems related to water shortages since they did not take precaution during construction. Some locations may have all the other qualities but lack water. This should not be such a major problem since there are artificial build wells and boreholes that can supply the hospital with enough water.

History and Historiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History and Historiography - Essay Example In other words, the different perceptions of historians who have come and gone in the past can be studied with the help of historiography. Furthermore, it is very hard to understand the history, as the historiography depends mainly on the supporting characters of every time, who influences the historians, and thus, one cannot understand the reality of the past properly. In addition, historiography is hard, but it has given a sense of curiosity to the historians, as well as, humans, in order to discover the hidden facts of human life. (History and Historiography, n.d.) Moreover, a specific process is considered by the historians for the obtaining, as well as, transmission of historical knowledge to the others. In this regard, this specific process is studied by the historiography. In the past, different methods have been utilized for obtaining hidden facts related to the human lives, as well as, older civilizations. As earlier mentioned in the paper, political influences also play a crucial role in the writing of history, as historians used to write under the banner of an Empire, or a Kingdom. Thus, it is the responsibility of historiography to examine the processes of history, which involved influences, situations, politics, etc. (Clark, 1994) In this regard, some of the main characteristics of written history, which is examined and evaluated by the historiography, are sources, audience, interpretation, biasness, etc. Furthermore, all the historical works contain a body, which has been referred as the historiography. However, it has been observed that most of the tools related to the written history have been changed, which results in the diversified meanings and relations of historiography. Thus, it is very hard to define the term historiography in one sentence, and different people will relate different interpretations with it. Moreover, breaking of historiography has often been done in different perceptions by diverse humans. At some places, religion has been taken as the base of the historiography, such as Historiography of Islam, or Historiography of Christianity, etc. However, regions or countries have been considered as the bases of historiography at other places, such as, Historiography of British, or Historiography of America, etc. Furthermore, historiography consists of a number of fields, such as, social, oral, etc, which changes the approaches that are considered by the historians. (Clark, 1994) In the nineteenth century, mass literature of historiography has been observed due to the commencement of professional and academic historians around the world. "The reasons why British history has not been written are good, in the sense that they follow naturally enough from the adoption of a limited, if perfectly legitimate, conception of the historian's function". (Pocock, 1982) Background The sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries have been roughly related with the history of Great Britain by the historians. They have termed it as ancient history of early modern Britain. In this regard, so